CASP9 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Caspase assays further confirmed up-regulation of apoptotic pathways in ccRCC following orellanine treatment, indicated by activation of both the extrinsic pathway (caspase 8) and the intrinsic pathway (caspase 9) in combination with increase of caspase 3, which is the caspase that both pathways converge into [14].