TNF and neurodegenerative disease: The overactivation of microglia cells leads to neuronal injury and the release of neurotoxic factors, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as inflammatory mediators and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are involved in neurodegenerative diseases [11,12,13].