Considering that increased ADAR1 expression was shown to enhance cancer stem cell generation in leukemia11,12, we analyzed the serial transplantation potential of high-risk MM in RAG2−/−γc−/−mice, as a gold standard in vivo cancer stem cell self-renewal assay28,29, as well as the plasmacytoma-forming capacity of ADAR1-enriched MM samples (Fig. 3a; Supplementary Fig. 3a). Here, RAG2 is linked to plasmacytoma.