Numerous pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that adenosinergic pathway-targeted therapies can significantly reduce tumor growth and metastasis, improving the T-cell-mediated anti-tumor response [48–52] and synergize with antibodies anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 [53–56], establishing the bases for ongoing clinical trials [NCT02503774 and NCT02655822]. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.