TNF and neoplasm: TNF-α as an antitumor drug is currently being tested, and even if its clinical use has been limited due to systemic toxicity, low doses of a TNF-α derivative that targets tumor neovessels have shown reduced toxicity while synergized antitumor-activity of doxorubicin and melphalan, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine in murine lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, and mammary adenocarcinoma models [39].