More importantly, we also found that CCL1 plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with HAM/TSP than in HTLV-1-seronegative patients with MS and HCs, and CCR8 was expressed at higher levels in Tax-positive PBMCs than those of Tax-negative PBMCs derived from HAM/TSP patients. This evidence concerns the gene CNTN2 and tropical spastic paraparesis.