CAV1 and diabetes mellitus: Impaired PI3K/Akt/NOS signaling is characteristic in DM myocardium [12, 90, 94, 95, 146, 250], and these signal elements cluster in caveolae [164–166] where eNOS is regulated by caveolin-1 and -3 [250, 275, 296–298], and Akt signaling is promoted by caveolin-3 [250–252, 299].