GJA1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: More directly supporting improved sarcolemmal makeup, Hesari et al. [444] report that exercise reduces CX-43 phosphorylation in hearts from T1DM rats, and Veeranki et al. [443] demonstrate beneficial effects of exercise on CX-43 levels and gap-junction function in db/db mice, associated with preservation of mitochondrial function.