Further work is needed to clarify effects of caveolin-3 and -1 on insulin-dependent glucose uptake and metabolism in myocardium and cardiac myocytes, identifying specific roles of the caveolins themselves vs. caveolae as regulatory platforms, and the effects of moderate and acute vs. prolonged changes in expression (modeling changes in DM, and avoiding limitations of lifelong gene deletion). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.