TNF and neoplasm: Th1 cytokines include IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α, whereas Th2 cytokines include IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, etc. IFN-γ, which is major product of Th1 cells, is crucial for strengthening innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor and further skews immune response toward Th1 phenotype45.