PAFAH1B1 and lissencephaly spectrum disorders: NudE/L bind directly to both dynein and the dynein co-factor Lis1 (also known in mammals as PAFAH1B1) (Feng et al., 2000; Niethammer et al., 2000; Sasaki et al., 2000; Zylkiewicz et al., 2011), mutations in which cause the brain development disease lissencephaly (Reiner et al., 1993).