TNF and neoplasm: The chronic inflammatory microenvironment in solid cancers is characterized by the presence of proinflammatory cells (such as macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins) both in the supporting stroma and in tumor areas (Table 1).