Lastly, two clinical trials using TLR9 agonists (IMO-2055, phase II; MGN1703, phase I) have been utilized as immunomodulators for lung cancer and found possible anti-tumor efficacy, either in combination (IMO-2055) with erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) and bevacizumab (VEGFA inhibitor) or alone (MGN1703) [37, 41]. Here, TLR9 is linked to neoplasm.