In particular, L. monocytogenes uses various mechanisms to evade killing by xenophagy at the early onset of an intracellular infection, such as manipulation of the mTOR pathway [54], stalling of the phagophores by bacterial phospholipases [15, 60] and camouflage of the bacteria by surface proteins, particularly by ActA [14, 15, 38]. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and infection.