In another study, an increased expression of miR-145 was negatively correlated with target gene expression of SMAD3 in nasal epithelium from CF patients, thus suggesting it may influence regulation of the inflammatory pathway of TGF-β1 and explain the abnormalities in SMAD3-mediated TGF-β1 signaling observed in CF [58]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cystic fibrosis.