Several other factors could contribute to a relatively low incidence of gastric cancer in Africa, including a high rate of intestinal parasitic infections that might attenuate H. pylori virulence [23], possible protective effects associated with simultaneous colonization by cagA-positive and cagA-negative strains [24], composition of the gastric or intestinal microbiome, or composition of the diet [25, 26]. Here, S100A8 is linked to gastric cancer.