Although the activity of NF-κB is not detectable in normal unstimulated CD34+ HSCs, and NF-κB levels were reported to be low in low-risk MDS, they are increased in high-risk MDS patients, and correlate with increased blast counts, suggesting a role for NF-κB in the transition from pre-LSCs to LSCs (136). Here, NFKB1 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.