TNF and neoplasm: Once MSCs have infiltrated the tumor microenvironment, the presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin- (IL-) 1, and interferon γ (IFNγ) or hypoxic conditions all stimulate MSCs to release proangiogenic and immunosuppressive factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and IL-6 and IL-8 [14].