In line with previous reports that showed an increased expression of CXCL12 on blood vessel walls and parenchyma in multiple sclerosis patients [33, 44] and in peptide induced EAE mice [45], we could detect an upregulation of CXCL12 in the lamina glia limitans, the meninges and in the parenchyma at the peak of the disease (Fig. 6a). Here, CXCL12 is linked to multiple sclerosis.