TXN and Insulin resistance: These biomarkers include indicators of insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], adiponectin), oxidative stress (thioredoxin, advanced glycation end products [AGEs]), inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α), and apoptosis (cytokeratin-18 fragment) as well as hormones (insulin-like growth factor 1, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and free testosterone) and hepatic fibrosis markers (Fig. 1).