Since both IL-4 and IL-13 share a common signaling pathway through the IL-4Rα chain, collectively modulating type 2 immunity, IL-4Rα-mediated mechanisms became our primary research interest, in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (7–9, 80) and extending to acute schistosomiasis (81–83), nematode infections (84–86), and allergic airway disease (87, 88). This evidence concerns the gene IL4R and Nematoda infectious disease.