Since both IL-4 and IL-13 share a common signaling pathway through the IL-4Rα chain, collectively modulating type 2 immunity, IL-4Rα-mediated mechanisms became our primary research interest, in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (7–9, 80) and extending to acute schistosomiasis (81–83), nematode infections (84–86), and allergic airway disease (87, 88). Here, IL4R is linked to visceral leishmaniasis.