Cancer immunotherapy is emerging as a very promising therapeutic strategy and recently various clinical trials exploring the use of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1, also known as CD279), PD-L1 (programmed cell death-1 ligand, also known as CD274) and CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4) inhibitors have successfully shown antitumor activities in lung cancer [6–8]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.