The T cell receptor beta chain (TCRB) repertoires of different CD4+ T cell subsets (true naive, TN; central memory, CM; regulatory, Treg; and stem cell-like memory, Tscm) were examined using next generation sequencing technology in 14 recently diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 14 matched healthy donors (HD) who did not differ in mean age, distribution of gender, mean total cell number, cell subset yield or possession of HLA-DRB1*0401 or *0301 haplotypes associated with T1D (Supplementary Table 1; Supplementary Figs. 1a–e and 2a). The gene discussed is HLA-DRB1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.