Finally, we also analyzed published TCR clonotypes from autoreactive CD4+ T cells that have been identified by different methods in the T1D setting31–38 (n = 39; Fig. 8e) as well as intra-islet-proinsulin-specific CD4 T cell clonotypes39 (n = 8; Fig. 8f) and compared these with the healthy donor TCR repertoire as before. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.