FER and renal cell carcinoma: Importantly, Fer kinase has been reported to regulate cancer progression where it appears to be functioning in a finely tuned balance, such that when either over-expressed in renal cell carcinomas [28,29] or deleted in myeloid leukemia [30] or lung cancer [31], the cellular functions of Fer are perturbed and result in similar negative consequences (such as loss of cadherin-complex stability).