Significant difference was observed in HAQ score (p = 0.02) in probiotic group when compared to baseline but not between groups. The pro-inflammatory cytokines including GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-1α, TNF-α, and IL-15 decreased but not significantly in the probiotic group. No difference was observed in cytokine levels and DASKey note: Probiotics did not improve RA but functional improvements were reported. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.