Although self-cure is often the outcome of CL, some patients infected with L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, and L. aethiopica can develop MCL after resolution of their primary lesion, characterized by chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa and by a hyperactive T-cell response (132, 133), associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, and decreased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β (132, 134, 135). Here, TGFB1 is linked to mantle cell lymphoma.