➂TMAO induced or enhanced cell phenotypic changes: elevated plasma TMAO induced endothelial dysfunction via activating reactive oxygen species (ROS)/thioredoxin-interactive protein (TXNIP)/nod-likereceptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome (Sun X. et al., 2016) and impairing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived NO bioavailability (Hu et al., 2015; Li T. et al., 2017). Here, NOS3 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.