TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: This receptor has been largely associated with inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (Diezmos et al., 2013), and it can signal through caspase-1 to cause the production of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18 (Kurashima et al., 2012), as well as TNF-α and nitric oxide (Alves et al., 2013), from inflammatory cells.