To determine cellular source(s) of IL-36α and IL-36γ during P. aeruginosa infection, primary PMs and AECs isolated from WT mice were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1μg/ml) or a multiplicity of infection (MOI) 10 of live or heat-killed P. aeruginosa. Significant induction of IL-36α and IL-36γ mRNA was observed in PMs in response to LPS, live or heat-killed P. aeruginosa as early as 4 h post stimulation, with persistent expression of IL-36γ mRNA level to 24h (Fig 2A). The gene discussed is IL36A; the disease is infection.