During HIV infection, a large number of cytokines and chemokines, including TGF-β1, as well as platelet-derived growth factor and endothelin I that promote the inflammatory response, fibrosis, contraction and mitosis, are released from Kupffer cells, lymphocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, platelets, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) (153, 154). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and HIV infectious disease.