Elevated levels of IL-17 have been measured in patients with CL and ML, showing that Th17 activation is generated by L. major (74, 75), L. braziliensis (64), L. tropica (26), L. panamensis (64), L. guyanensis, L. amazonensis, and Leishmania naiffi (66) infections, acting on macrophage activation and neutrophil recruitment. Here, IL17A is linked to infection.