Interestingly, in patients with cardiac clinical forms of Chagas disease, there is an increase in the expression of CCR5 on CD4+ T cells, which controls leukocyte migration into the inflamed heart (24), and while CCR5 expression is required during the acute phase for protection against experimental T. cruzi infection in mice, it is dispensable for the chronic phase of infection (25). Here, CCR5 is linked to infection.