Similar to TLR9 ligands that elicit responses in TLM-like B-cells of malaria-exposed people (18, 164), BAFF/APRIL as TACI ligands might deliver differentiation signals to these B-cells through TACI and its downstream TLR-like signaling pathways (87) Whereas overrepresentation of CD21lo memory B-cells is consistently associated with chronic inflammation, the mechanisms leading to this phenotype are largely unknown. The gene discussed is TNFRSF13B; the disease is malaria.