Motomura et al. (2009) extracted ES L1 to show that prior administration of the antigen can ameliorate the severity and reduce the mortality of hapten-induced colitis in a murine model. In their research, ES L1 was extracted from T. spiralis muscle L1 larvae. Prior submucosal application of the antigen enhances the TH2 response as well as the Treg response and reduces the TH1 response. The TH2 response can induce the production of IL-13 and the Treg response can induce the production of TGF-β, both of which help to modulate the aberrant immune response (Motomura et al., 2009). Here, TGFB1 is linked to colitis.