EIF2AK3 and infection: In the PERK signaling, our data show that the eIF2α were activated during the mid and late stages of infection; however, Pestivirus translation is less sensitive to eIF2α phosphorylation than standard cap-dependent translation because its translation initiation is mediated by the HP (hepatitis C virus/pestivirus) IRES (internal ribosomal entry site), which does not require the ternary complex (Pestova et al., 2008).