HMOX1 and influenza: Indeed, new studies have shown that HO-1 displays important antiviral properties against human viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; Devadas and Dhawan, 2006), influenza (Hashiba et al., 2001), human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, Espinoza et al., 2017), hepatitis B (HBV; Protzer et al., 2007), hepatitis C virus (HCV; Lehmann et al., 2010), enterovirus 71 (EV71; Tung et al., 2011), dengue virus (DENV; Olagnier et al., 2014; Tseng et al., 2016), and Ebola virus (EBOV; Hill-Batorski et al., 2013).