Studied interventions included the treatment of intracranial hypertension, either with osmotherapy (45, 46), by cerebrospinal fluid drainage via external ventriculostomy (53), or by decompressive craniectomy (49, 50), fever treatment with diclofenac or targeted temperature management (51, 52, 54), the management of anemia and administration of packed red blood cells (47, 48, 52), and the administration of erythropoietin or verapamil (55, 56). Here, EPO is linked to anemia (phenotype).