BDKRB1 and diabetes mellitus: While B2R is constitutive and mediates most effects of bradykinin (BK) including inflammation, vasodilation, and capillary leakage, B1R is weakly expressed in physiological situation, yet it is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF) and by ROS during diabetes through the NF-kB pathway (Couture and Girolami, 2004; Couture et al., 2014).