Earlier studies have reported enhanced protein and gene expression of B1R in vessels and peripheral organs of STZ-diabetic rats (Pouliot et al., 2011, 2012; Tidjane et al., 2015, 2016) and in models of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance (Ismael et al., 2008; Dias et al., 2010; Dias and Couture, 2012a; Midaoui et al., 2015; Haddad and Couture, 2016). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.