TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Further, vitamin D exerts pro-differentiative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., by reducing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1B, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2), which could prove useful to control the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules linked to ALS progression [245,246], as well as to partake in autophagy-based misfolded SOD1 aggregates clearance [247].