TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: TMX, one of the first SERMs available, caused estrogen antagonistic action in inflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus in the experimental model of female NZB/NZW mice, by inhibiting the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17 and TNF-α (12).