NFKB1 and mucositis: Next, recognition of microbial antigens to toll-like receptors (TLR) can activate the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, resulting in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are crucial in the mucositis pathobiology (Touchefeu et al., 2014; Van Vliet et al., 2010; Vanhoecke & Stringer, 2015).