In contrast to its pro-inflammatory role in myeloid cells, NF-κB has a protective role in intestinal epithelial cells, where it is required for maintaining epithelial integrity and intestinal immune homeostasis.107,108 Conditional deletion of NEMO, IKKβ or both IKKα and IKKβ in intestinal epithelial cells causes spontaneous development of chronic intestinal inflammation in mice.107,108 Thus, aberrant activation of NF-κB or its genetic deficiency may both contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, with its functions differing between innate immune cells and epithelial cells. Here, NFKB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.