TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Of multiple stimuli involved in lung fibrosis, TGF-β1 is an important pro-fibrotic factor that has been shown to induce EMT both in vitro and in vivo8,10,14 and signaling pathways either through the canonical pathway involving downstream phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 or through other non-Smad pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin pathway15.