This followed the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (or T-VEC), a recombinant granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-containing human herpes simplex type I virus (HSV-1), for inoperable locally advanced or metastatic malignant melanoma based upon compelling efficacy data from the phase III OPTiM trial [1]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is metastatic melanoma.