BRAF inhibitors also reduce IL-1 expression in cell lines and tumor biopsies, which in turn may, as suggested by Khalili et al. [40], theoretically be able to relieve T cell suppression caused by IL-1 mediated upregulation of PD-1 ligands and COX-2 expression on tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.