In contrast, non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements, as found in a recent study, are associated with low rates of concurrent PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T-cells pre- and post-targeted treatment, as well as low response rates to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, which argues against both combinational and sequential use of targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and non-small cell lung carcinoma.