TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Some symptoms of IBD such as common morphous and tissue damage index scores in colonic mucosa improved (P < 0.05); the MPO activity decreased; the levels of serum cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, TNF-γ, TNF-α, VGEF, MIP-α, and M-CSF levels, improved to near normal; and the expression of Foxp3, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, and IL-10 in colonic mucosa improved (P < 0.05).