TP53 and neoplasm: For instance, Sawada G et al performed whole-exome sequence analysis of tumor and nontumor esophageal tissues collected from 144 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and found that many tumors contained mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle (TP53, CCND1, CDKN2A), epigenetic processes and receptor-tyrosine kinase-phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways (PIK3CA, EGFR, ERBB2) [8].