TGFB1 and neoplasm: These diametrically opposed findings can be explained considering the differential effect of TGF-β signaling at the level of tumor cells and of the tumor microenvironment: in pancreas cells, TGF-β deficiency favors tumor development and is associated with tumor progression; in contrast, TGF-β deficiency at the level of microenvironment protects against tumor development by promoting fibrosis and immune invasion [78].