TNF and infection: It is thought that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL or T-cells) clear infection by inducing the death of infected cells while non-cytolytic mechanisms involve antiviral cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), that inhibit intracellular HBV replication and thus assist in the control of HBV infection [9,43,44,45,46,47].