CD4 and tuberculosis: Regarding the analysis of those who were either seropositive by DAT or positive by PCR assay, the prevalence of Leishmania infection significantly differed among participants who lived in stilt houses compared to those living in non-stilt houses (p = 0.03), those who developed jaundice (p = 0.02), having opportunistic infection (p = 0.002) especially tuberculosis (p = 0.001), and those having low CD4+ levels <500 cells/μL (p = 0.003) (Fig 1).