Five genes (SPARCL1, ABI3BP, PMP22, DTNA and RPS6KA3) were common between MArrest and oligospermia among 751 genes (0.007%), and three genes (POU2F3, SRGAP2C and TERF1) were common between oligospermia and teratospermia among 437 genes (0.007%), as shown in Fig. 1a. Here, SPARCL1 is linked to Abnormal sperm morphology.