However, it is unexpected to observe reduced expression of signature genes IFNG, CCL3, CLL4, and GZMB in TH1/17 cells in MS vs. healthy controls, especially the reduced expression of IFNG. Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting α4 integrin used in the treatment of MS, functions by preventing immune cells from crossing the blood–brain barrier45. Here, CCL3 is linked to myeloid sarcoma.